Neuropeptides are key mediators of intercellular communication within the nervous system, functioning variously as neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and hormones. They signal via G protein-coupled receptors and participate in diverse physiological processes, including pain modulation, metabolic regulation, and memory formation. To date, over 40 types of neuropeptides-categorized into nine major families such as opioid peptides and tachykinins-have been identified; these can act synergistically with classical neurotransmitters through co-transmission.
Neuropeptide biosynthesis involves complex processes, including the translation of pre-propeptides, enzymatic cleavage, and post-translational modifications. Upon release, they act on distant targets via volume transmission; their effects are prolonged, and they are not subject to reuptake. Research conducted at the Salk Institute in 2024 demonstrated that the formation of fear memories relies primarily on the synergistic transmission of multiple neuropeptides, with single vesicles capable of simultaneously releasing several types.
These substances are closely linked to pathological conditions such as obesity and neurodegenerative diseases, and drugs targeting neuropeptide systems-such as CGRP antagonists-have already been successfully applied in the clinical treatment of migraines.
