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| Description | Insulin A-chain residues 1–13, an autoantigen recognized by pathogenic CD4+/CD8+ T cells in NOD mice and human type 1 diabetes; used for insulin autoimmunity, T-cell tolerance and diabetes pathogenesis. |
Product Basic Information Table
| Product Standard English Name | Product Abbreviation / Alias | Function Tags (comma-separated) | Core Structure | Molecular Formula | Exact Mass (Da) | Average MW (Da) | Salt Form | Length (aa) |
| Insulin alpha-chain (1-13) Peptide (human insulin A-chain N-terminal 1-13, 15-mer including the proinsulin C-peptide cleavage KR dipeptide) | Insulin alpha-chain (1-13), KRGIVEQCCTSICSL, human insulin A-chain 1-13 peptide, 13-mer core epitope GIVEQCCTSICSL (literature T1D epitope), A6/A7 oxidized disulfide neoantigen peptide | Human insulin A-chain, Type 1 diabetes, Autoimmunity, Oxidized disulfide PTM neoantigen, CD4+ T cell epitope | KRGIVEQCCTSICSL (H-Lys-Arg-Gly-Ile-Val-Glu-Gln-Cys-Cys-Thr-Ser-Ile-Cys-Ser-Leu-OH, linear 15-mer, free N-terminal amino / free C-terminal carboxyl) | C66H118N20O22S3 | 1638.79 | 1639.97 | TFA salt (per WatsonBio) | 15 |
Physicochemical Solubility & Storage Parameters
| Product Code | Appearance | Long-term Storage | Short-term Storage | Solution Stability | Solid Powder Stability |
| PEP-INSA13-01 | white to off-white (WatsonBio/TargetMol, TFA salt; CAS 872036-64-1) | Store frozen below -20 C, desiccated, protected from light and sealed (TargetMol: Powder -20 C for 3 years; In solvent -80 C for 1 year. Keep away from moisture.); contains 3 Cys (highly oxidation-prone), preferably under inert (nitrogen) atmosphere and away from moisture | Store sealed, desiccated and dark at 4 C, use within 2-4 weeks; after reconstitution, store at -80 C for up to 1 year per TargetMol; aliquot and store at -20/-80 C to avoid repeated freeze-thaw | Moderately hydrophilic (~27% hydrophobic residues, net charge +1), soluble in water/PBS or first dissolve in a small amount of DMSO then dilute; 3 free Cys (corresponding to CysA6/CysA7/CysA11 of mature insulin; positions 8/9/13 in the 15-mer sequence, positions 6/7/11 within the 13-mer core GIVEQCCTSICSL) are highly oxidation-prone (dimer/oligomer formation) - degas solutions, use inert atmosphere, avoid oxidants; importantly, when studying the vicinal disulfide PTM formed by oxidation of adjacent A6/A7 cysteines (Nakayama et al., JEM 2005), avoid strong reducing agents and excessive reduction | powder stable for 3 years at -20 C when dry and sealed (TargetMol); keep moisture-proof and light-protected; aliquot promptly after opening and keep in a desiccator |
Functional Description
| Product Code | Frontend Short Summary | Detailed Biological Function Description | Applicable Research Areas (comma-separated) | Targets / Pathways |
| PEP-INSA13-01 | A 15-mer spanning the N-terminal 1-13 region of human insulin A-chain (KRGIVEQCCTSICSL, CAS-listed sequence; the literature T1D core epitope is the 13-mer GIVEQCCTSICSL), containing 3 Cys whose A6/A7 oxidized vicinal disulfide PTM is the self epitope recognized by CD4+ T cells in at-risk children with type 1 diabetes; for T1D autoimmunity and oxidized neoantigen research. | This is a commercially available 15-mer corresponding to the N-terminal region of human insulin A-chain (GIVEQCCTSICSLYQLENYCN, 21 aa), KRGIVEQCCTSICSL (CAS 872036-64-1; TargetMol/WatsonBio listed sequence): the N-terminal KR dipeptide is the proinsulin C-peptide C-terminal cleavage site, followed by A-chain residues 1-13. In mature insulin, the 3 Cys form the intrachain CysA6-CysA11 disulfide and the interchain CysA7-B7 disulfide. In the type 1 diabetes literature, the core 13-mer GIVEQCCTSICSL (A:1-13) is a self epitope recognized by CD4+ T-cell clones from at-risk children with T1D, and this recognition depends on the post-translational modification formed by oxidation of adjacent A6/A7 cysteines into a vicinal disulfide (Nakayama et al., J Exp Med 2005). This peptide is used for T1D autoimmunity, oxidized neoantigen epitope and pMHC-II research. Note: the product is prepared according to the CAS-listed 15-mer KRGIVEQCCTSICSL sequence, with the literature 13-mer core epitope GIVEQCCTSICSL and the A6/A7 oxidized disulfide PTM context noted in aliases and functional description. | Type 1 diabetes immunology, Insulin autoantigen, Oxidized disulfide PTM neoantigens, CD4+ T cell epitopes, pMHC-II research | Human insulin A-chain (1-13) self epitope; A6/A7 oxidized vicinal disulfide PTM; T1D CD4+ autoreactive T cell TCR |
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